Green Open Space Agenda To Reduce Carbon Emissions

Keywords: Green Open Space, Carbon Emission.

Indonesia is the third country that has the worst reputation in terms of air pollution in the world after Mexico and Thailand (Marayoga, 2010). The urban sector and its transportation have contributed significantly to the increasing effects of greenhouse gases and air pollution. This air pollution will be more visible in densely populated areas such as the city of Jakarta with its complex activities. The need for transportation to be the largest contributor to pollutants comes from daily traffic movements for work (Hamidy, 2017). This is confirmed by the results of research which state that most of the working population still use private vehicles (Sugiyarto, 2008).

Komisi Penghapusan Bensin Bertimbal (KPBB) has stimulated that at this time Jakarta has entered the air ‘disaster’ stage because it does not have a pollution-free area, except for the intensive care room (ICU) in hospitals (Tugaswati, 2009). In DKI Jakarta, the contribution of pollutants from motorized vehicles to the air is around 70% (Marayoga, 2010). Motor vehicles will emit various types of gases and particulates consisting of various inorganic and organic compounds with large molecular weights that can be directly inhaled through the nose and affect the people on the highway and surrounding areas.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are one of the types of greenhouse gas emissions that are the main factor in the emergence of the global warming phenomenon. The production of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas emissions is closely related to human activities (anthropogenic activities) (Labila and Pradoto, 2018). Transportation and electricity needs are basic needs of urban communities but have the greatest impact on the production of carbon dioxide in the air (Edyanto, 2013). Such a large output of carbon dioxide production requires a balanced absorption space with a large capacity as well.

High levels of air pollution can cause various health problems, including premature death in infants, asthma attacks, low respiratory disease in children, high blood pressure, non-fatal heart attacks, decreased intelligence, to chronic bronchitis (World Bank Report, 2003). This needs to get attention for planners and city governments to take a stand in supervision for urban environmental management.

Green Open Space is a very important urban element, where air circulation as the lungs of the city plays a very important role. One of the spatial planning strategies in handling urban activities which is currently widely applied in various world cities in an effort to reduce CO2 emission production is the concept of Low Carbon City. This concept refers to the goal of low carbon where the resulting policies do not only produce policy directions from the use of low carbon technologies but more importantly are able to trigger a change in the economy as well as the industrial structure and consumption patterns of society (Lundin & Ng, 2009).

The area of green open space and urban forests is not sufficient to overcome the production of carbon dioxide, so urban greening is absolutely necessary to implement in urban development both inside and on the outskirts of the city (periphery) to absorb the greatest amount of carbon dioxide produced from fuel from both vehicles and industry. Handling in the form of protection and expansion of forests within the city and natural forests around the city, including those in protected areas needs to be maintained and maintained. Likewise, energy efficiency is able to provide the impetus for reducing pollution and emissions in urban areas, therefore energy efficiency policies must be one of the agendas of the central and local governments in order to reduce pollution and emissions.

There is a need for mitigation efforts in the form of controlling all activities that have the potential to produce CO2. Although in general, the industrial sector has a low contribution to CO2 emission growth, if a policy scenario is not implemented to control the growth of CO2 emission production from that sector, the risk of emission growth may increase. In addition, restrictions on traffic movement also need to be implemented to reduce the rate of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions which account for 60% of the pollutant distribution (Yuliastuti, 2008).

In the spatial plan, the position of green open space as a planned public open space in an area is composed of green open space and non-green open space. Green open space, has a special function and role in each area that exists in every district/city spatial planning, which is planned in the form of plant, plant, and vegetation arrangement, so that it can play a role in supporting ecological, socio-cultural, and architectural functions, so as to provide optimal benefits for the economy and welfare for the community.

Basically, green open space planning is a small part of efforts to save the whole world, which must be understood in its entirety. Green open space planning must be supported by all stakeholders because basically green open space in an effort to form intergenerational responsibility that must be carried out continuously. Every green open space planning should be understood as a joint effort, free from various personal interests and strings attached.

Ideally, a city has green open space of at least 30% of the total city area, referring to the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1992), and confirmed at the Johannesburg Summit, South Africa (2002). For areas with strong urban characteristics, they will always be faced with the condition of decreasing the quality and quantity of green open space that can be allocated, due to the pressure on the growth of urban facilities and infrastructure, as a consequence of the dynamics of the increasing need for urban residents for activities.

The impact of providing green open space is very significant, especially in overcoming the increasing rate of carbon emissions. The Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology, Trisakti University in 2003 (Harian Republika, 2008) has calculated that one hectare of green open space is able to neutralize 736.000 liters of liquid waste from 16.355 residents and produce 0,6 tons of oxygen to be consumed by 1.500 residents per day. Green open space is capable of storing 900 cubic meters of groundwater/year, transferring 4.000 liters of water/day, equivalent to a temperature reduction of 5°-8° Celsius, equivalent to the ability of 5 units of air conditioners with a capacity of 2.500 Kcal/20 hours, reducing noise by 25–80 percent and reduce wind strength by 75–80 percent.

Reference:

Edyanto, C.B.H., 2013, Emisi Karbon Sebagai Dasar Implementasi Penyediaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di DKI Jakarta, Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia, Vol 15 (1), 1–7.

Labila, D. dan Pradoto, W., 2018, Sebaran Emisi CO2 dan Implikasinya Terhadap Penataan Ruang Area Industri di Kendal, Jurnal Pengembangan Kota, Vol 6 (2), 164–173.

Sugiyarto, B., 2008, Analisis Pola Perjalanan Transportasi Penduduk Daerah Pinggiran, Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan, Vol 10 (1), 57–74.

World Bank Report, 2003, Sustainable Development in Dynamic Economy.

Yuliastuti, A., 2008, Estimasi Sebaran Keruangan Emisi Gas Buang Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Semarang, Laporan Tugas Akhir Jurusan Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.

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